المستقل / الشارقة
أكد عدد من الروائيون العرب أنه لا يمكن اختزال تاريخ الواقعية السحرية بما قدمه الروائي غابرييل غارسيا ماركيز، موضحين أنه مفهوم حاضر في آداب وثقافات الشعوب تاريخياً، ومتجذر بصورة واضحة في التراث الحكائي العربي، لكن إعادة تصديره منأمريكيا اللاتينة لفتت أنظار العالم إليه وكأنه تيار مستحدث وجديد.
جاء ذلك خلال جلسة حوارية ضمن فعاليات الدورة الـ 42 منمعرض الشارقة الدولي للكتاب، الذي انطلق تحت شعار “نتحدثُ كتباً”، ويتواصل في “مركز إكسبو الشارقة” حتى 12 من نوفمبرالجاري، تحت شعار “نتحدث كتباً” بحضور ومشاركة 2033 ناشراً من 109 دول.
موجزٌ لمصطلح الواقعية السحرية
استهلت الدكتورة عائشة الدرمكي من عمان حديثها بالوقوف عند جذور مصطلح الواقعية السحرية، وبدايته في مانهايم بألمانيا، على يد مجموعة من الفنانين التشكيليين، ثم وصول المصطلح لأمريكا اللاتينية واشتغال الأدباء عليه في أعمالهم السردية، إلى أن صدرت رواية غابرييل جارسيا ماركيز “مئة عام من العزلة“، مشيرة إلى أنه منذ ذلك التاريخ أصبحت الواقعية السحرية إحدى تقنيات الإبداع السردي البارزة في العالم وامتد حضورها حتى وصلت إلى المنطقة العربية.
الأسبقية ليست موجودة
وأوضح الروائي المصري طارق إمام، المرشح في القائمة القصيرة في جائزة البوكر العربية عن روايته “ماكيت القاهرة” أن مصطلح الواقعية السحرية ليس لأحدٍ أسبقية صكه، لأنه مصطلح مغروس فيالذات الإنسانية منذ أن وجدت، قائلاً: “لو أردنا الدقة، لقلنا أن الواقعية السحرية موجودة في ألف ليلة وليلة، أي قبل الألمان بقرون عديدة، وماركيز نفسه صرح من قبل أنه قرأ في بداياته ألف ليلة وليلة وتأثر بها، لذلك لا أرى لأحد الفضل ولا الأسبقية في صك المصطلح“.
التمويه عمداً بين العقلاني وغير العقلاني
لخصت الروائية والأكاديمية التونسية د. أميرة غنيم لجمهور الجلسةمصطلح الواقعية السحرية في سطر واحد، قائلةً: “الواقعيةالسحرية هي تمويه الكاتب عمداً الحدود الفاصلة بين ما هو عقلانيوغير عقلاني” لكنها ترى أن الرواية الناجحة هي التي يستطيعكاتبها أن يجعل القارئ يقبل الغرائبي وغير الواقعي حين يصطدمبه أثناء قراءته للواقعي.
وأضافت: “إذا تحقق هذا الشرط، قلنا هذا الكاتب نجح في كتابةعمل واقعي سحري“، واتفقت غنيم مع إمام حول مسألة وجودالمصطلح في شتى الثقافات العالمية منذ قرون، وخاصةً ثقافتناالعربية، وقالت في هذا السياق: “نحن في الوطن العربي تربيناعلى مفهوم المعجزة، وهذا أول درسٍ تعلمناه عن الواقعية السحرية“. لكنها في ختام حديثها تساءلت: هل نجح الكاتب العربيّ أن يجسدالمفهوم في أعماله بسلاسة، أم أصبح سجيناً للمصطلح والقالب؟
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