منير اديب
تمر الذكرى الـ22 على تفجيرات 11 سبتمبر/أيلول 2001 التي تورط فيها تنظيم ما يُعرف بـ”قاعدة الجهاد”، الذي نشأ في حضن جماعة الإخوان باعتراف قادته، ما يطرح سؤالاً عريضاً عما بقي من “القاعدة” بعد مرور أكثر من عقدين على الهجوم الإرهابي الأكبر من نوعه بأمريكا.
في البداية، يجب أن نشير إلى أن تنظيم القاعدة نشأ في حضن الإخوان المسلمين، باعتراف زعيم التنظيم الثاني، أيمن الظواهري، الذي قال إن أسامة بن لادن قال له إنه نشأ في حضن الإخوان وتربى على يد قادته؛ هذا اعتراف من زعيم القاعدة بأن أفكاره كان مصدرها الإخوان. هذا الاعتراف مصدره الزعيم الثاني للتنظيم بأنّ أفكار المؤسس الأول تعود للإخوان في الأساس.
إنّ أيمن الظواهري نفسه اعترف في كتابه “فرسان تحت راية النبي”، بأنه سافر إلى أفغانستان من خلال ترشيح الإخوان له، عندما كان يعمل في إحدى المصحات العلاجية، وتعرف بـ”الجمعية الطبية الإسلامية” المملوكة لأحد قادة الإخوان، ويدعى أحمد الملط، الذي كان نائباً لمرشد الإخوان حتى وفاته في عام 1995.
وهنا تبدو العلاقة الحقيقية بين “القاعدة” و”الإخوان”، ليس في سفر الظواهري إلى أفغانستان، الذي يعود الفضل فيه للإخوان، حيث بات بعد ذلك الرجل الأول في التنظيم الأخطر، الذي مارس العنف شرقًا وغربًا، وإنما هناك روابط جمعت الظواهري بالإخوان في بدايات حياته، فكان يعمل مع التنظيم المصنف إرهابيًا في مصر، وفي المراكز العلاجية التي أنشأوها، وكان وثيق الصلة بهم.
لم تنتهِ علاقة الإخوان بقادة القاعدة عند هذا الحد، لكنها امتدت لنشأة التنظيم، التي كانت باقتراح، عبد الله عزام، أحد قادة الإخوان المسلمين، الذي كان قد قال لأسامة بن لادن، بعد انتهاء الحرب الأفغانية التي بدأت في عام 1979: لقد انتهت الحرب ولكن بقي الجهاد، ونحن معنا قاعدة بيانات لكل المجاهدين، سواء من ارتقوا إلى ربهم أو من ما زالوا على قيد الحياة، ومن هنا أتى مسمى التنظيم قاعدة الجهاد!
فقيادات تنظيم قاعدة الجهاد تربوا على يد الإخوان وفي كنف التنظيم وضمن المنظومة التربوية التي أسهمت في خلق العنف وتأسيسه منذ نشأة تنظيم الإخوان الإرهابي في نهاية العشرينيات من القرن الماضي، ليس هذا فحسب، لكن قرار نشأة تنظيم القاعدة خرج من عقل الإخوان وبترتيب قادته الذين زاروا فيما بعد أفغانستان، وهنا نقصد مرشد الإخوان الخامس مصطفى مشهور، وعضو مكتب الإرشاد كمال السنانيري.
فهل أخفقت الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية في مواجهة القاعدة التي غزت أفغانستان بسببها في عام 2001، فخرجت بعد عشرين عامًا دون أن تحقق ما كانت ترنو إليه من القضاء بشكل نهائي على التنظيم؟ فعندما انسحبت بقواتها من أفغانستان في عام 2020 كان أيمن الظواهري حيًا ولم تنجح في قتله بعد شهور من خروجها، كما أنها لم تنجح في قتل أسامة بن لادن إلا في عام 2011 أي بعد عشر سنوات من غزو أفغانستان، وهو ما يؤشر إلى المواجهة الخجولة للتنظيم.
أعلنت واشنطن الحرب على تنظيم القاعدة في أفغانستان، بينما نجح التنظيم في التمدد في أكثر من عاصمة أفريقية، وهنا يبدو الخطأ في إعطائها الأولوية لمواجهة تنظيم داعش الذي نجح في إقامة مملكته المزعومة في الرقة والموصل في 29 يونيو/حزيران من عام 2014، وانشغلت بذلك عن مواجهة القاعدة التي بدت أخطر من “داعش”، فإذا كان الأخير يعد الأشرس، فإن القاعدة تعد “الأخطر”، كونها التنظيم الأم.
إن جماعة الإخوان هي الأخطر على مستوى التنظيم والأفكار من “القاعدة” و”داعش”، فمن رحمها خرجت القاعدة، ومن رحم الأخير خرج تنظيم داعش، فـ”الإخوان” هي الأم لكل التنظيمات المتطرفة التي أطلت على العالم، ولذلك لا فائدة من أي مواجهة لأي تنظيم دون مواجهة التنظيم الأخطر، الذي يمثل الرحم الولود لكل التنظيمات المتطرفة، الثدي الذي أرضع بعضها؛ فعلى أفكار الإخوان نشأت هذه التنظيمات وقوي عودها.
عندما نتدبر أحداث 11 سبتمبر/أيلول عام 2001 نستحضر الخطة الأمريكية في مواجهة تنظيم القاعدة، وبعد مرور أكثر من عقدين من تفجيرات برجي التجارة العالميين نُحاول أن نقرأ ما حققته السياسة الأمريكية تجاه مواجهة هذا التنظيم وغيره من التنظيمات المتطرفة، صحيح انتهت آثار سبتمبر/أيلول بكل ما خلفته من مآسٍ ولكن بقيت تبعاتها، خاصة أن القاعدة ما زالت تطل برأسها في أكثر من عاصمة أفريقية.
وهنا لا بد أن تُراعي الاستراتيجية الأمريكية مواجهة القاعدة بنفس حماسها في مواجهة داعش؛ ولا بد ألا تفرق بين مواجهة التنظيمات المتطرفة، وأن تُصنف هذه التنظيمات وفق خطرها، فلا يمكن مواجهة القاعدة وداعش دون مواجهة تنظيم الإخوان، الذي يمثل الأم الرؤوم لكل التنظيمات المتطرفة، فلا فائدة من مواجهة لا تشمل التنظيم الأخطر على مر التاريخ.
لا أحد ينكر المواجهة الشرسة لتنظيم القاعدة الذي نتج عنه مقتل العديد من قياداته. صحيح أن التنظيم بات مشلولاً وغير قادر على الحركة، لكنه يتحرك بطريقة غير مركزية في أغلب مناطق وجوده، وهو ما يستلزم دعم الحكومات المحلية والإقليمية التي يوجد فيها التنظيم، وقطع جذوره من خلال مواجهة التنظيمات الداعمة له، وأن يتم ذلك دون حسابات سياسية.
يجب مراجعة كل استراتيجيات مواجهة الإرهاب، وأن تتم الاستفادة من أخطاء الماضي، وقراءة التحولات التي مرت بها التنظيمات المتطرفة، بهدف وضع استراتيجية تكون أكثر عمقًا وتأثيرًا، وتقضي على ما تبقى من هذه التنظيمات وتحد من خطرها في نفس الوقت، ما دون ذلك سوف يظل الإرهاب يطل برأسه مُهددًا أمن العالم، وستتكرر أحداث 11 سبتمبر/أيلول، حتى ولو اختلف شكل الهجوم وأثر الاعتداء.
نسي العالم هذا التاريخ 11 سبتمبر/أيلول، فلم يعد أحد يسرد أحداثه رغم مرارتها، لكن العالم ما زال يتذكر هذه المأساة التي عاش تبعاتها على مدار عقدين من الزمن في محاولة للتخلص مما علق به من آثار لم يمحها الزمان، لكنها ستظل باقية حتى تفكيك ما تبقى من تنظيم القاعدة والأهم مواجهة الإخوان التنظيم الأم الذي نشأ في أحضانه.
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