عبدالمنعم الاعسم
للطائفية ثقافة وللوطنية ثقافة. ليستا ثقافتان متناحرتان، بالضرورة ، لكنهما ينأيان عن بعضهما فيالتشكيل الوجداني، وفي التعبير عن هذا التشكيل في الابداع والسياسة والمنظومات الحقوقية. يكفي القولان ثمة في الثقافة الطائفية مواطنون (من اتباع طائفة اخرى) من الدرجة الثانية.. هذا في دول كثيرة فيالشرق الاوسط، وثمة في الدولة الوطنية المستبدة، مقابل ذلك، مواطنون من الدرجة الثانية، من وطنياتاخرى، كما في انظمة الحزب والانظمة العسكرية والشمولية.
الخدعة الطائفية الجديدة تتمثل في تصنيع وطنية زائفة لمشروع الدولة الطائفية، وتذهب الى الايحاء بانالطائفي اكثر وطنية من الوطني من خلال ما يقوم بحراسة حدود الدولة الوطنية، فيما تتساقط (في اكثر منمنعطف) جميع هذه التوصيفات “الوطنية” في اول تهديد للمكانة السياسية للمشروع الطائفي. حدثويحدث ذلك في العديد من الدول التي تتقاسم صراع الطائفية والوطنية.
ان تكون وطنيا وطائفيا بمضمون كيميائي منسجم، تكون قد كذبت علينا وقبل ذلك على نفسك، وقد كذبعلينا وعلى نفسه، وما زال كثيرون. صدام حسين استخدم المساران في لعبة الترويض والعض على السلطة: الوطنية العراقية في اعلى نبراتها الخطابية بوصفها شعارا للتعبئة للحرب وبهدف إخصاء الهوياتوالتنوع والعقائد والخيارات غير المرغوب فيها، ثم الطائفية الدينية في اقبح تجلياتها(الحملة الايمانية) مناجل تصليب عود النخبة الحاكمة ودفع اتباع الطائفة (الطوائف) الاخرى الى مرتبة مواطنين من الدرجةالثانية، ومغلوبين على امرهم.
وثمة دائما في الصراعات الوطنية والطائفية منطقة وسط (معتدلة) ترفض غلو الوطنية (نحو العنصرية) وانكفاء الطائفية (نحو الارهاب) معا. منطقة هشة تتجسد واضحة في ظروف الاضطراب والصراع علىالسلطة، لكن تيارات الاعتدال تتنامى في مجرى توحش الصراع الطائفي وظهور اسنان فتاكة لمشروعهالسياسي، في حين تواجه هذه المنطقة المعتدلة بما تمثلة من شرائح واصوات وهياكل هجمات الطرفين،الاكثر طائفية والاكثر عنصرية.
يتكرر ذلك كثيرا، فالاعتدال غالبا ما يكون ضحية المتصارعين المتطرفين، وفي مرمى نيرانهم، وثمة الكثير منالظروف والتجارب يتحالف فيها العنصريون والطائفيون لدحر الاعتدال بوصفه خطرا محدقا بهما معا.
ودائما، في الدولة الوطنية التقليدية اللاديمقراطية، ثمة مواطنة موزعة على درجات، ضحيتها الوطنياتالاخرى، كما، ودائما، في الدولة الطائفية النموذجية ثمة مواطنون من درجة ثانية، مهمشون، هم اتباعالطوائف الاخرى. والمعروف، ان دولا طائفية واخرى وطنية تمسك الان مفاتيح العلاقات الاقليمية وما يتصلبها من امن وتجارة وثقافة.
في دول عربية، مثلا، ثمة بحران يتلاطمان بعنف، الوطنية والطائفية، حيث باءت بالفشل صيغة الدولةالوطنية (الاقطاعية) التي دست هويتها الطائفية خلف شبكة من اعلانات النيون الدستورية وبعضالاجراءات الديمقراطية الشكلية (الانتخابات) لتسويق شرعية حكم الاقلية، وفي المقابل اخفق ضحايا التمييزالطائفي في تقديم مشروع الدولة المدنية كبديل عن الحكم القائم، وفيما يستنجد حكم الاقلية بحلفائه(اقليات حاكمة)في المنطقة، يبرز خطر التحزب الطائفي من الجانب الآخر على سطح حمية مشروعة للحفاظعلى النوع الطائفي.
ثمة سؤال مغرق بالتبسيط: لماذا لا نجد ظلا للاحتراب الطائفي او الوطني في الدول الصناعية، فيما نرصدهفي دول التخلف؟
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