د. حسام رعد / باحث
دماغ الأطفال والمراهقين حساس بشكل مرهف للهرسلة (أي الأذى والتوتر الغير مبرر من قبل الأهل او المعلم او الأقران…).
عندما يكون التوتر “طفيفا أو معتدلاً”، يمكن أن يكون محفزًا للتطور والإبداع. ولكن عندما يكون الضغط والتوتر شديدًا ومتكررًا وهو ما يعرف بالهرسلة، فإنه يتسبب بآثار خطيرة على الصحة البدنية والنفسية والعقلية.
الأطفال والمراهقون هم الأكثر عرضة للإجهاد والتوتر (أي الهرسلة) من قبل البالغين.
خلال السنوات الأولى من حياة الطفل، يكون الدماغ البشري هشًا وذا قابلية خاصة للتأثر بالإجهاد والتوتر، إذ يحدث أحيانا أن الكبار،بدافع الجهل، يتركون الأطفال وحدهم في مواجهة مشاعرهم الصعبة (الحزن، الخوف، الغضب،…) أو أنهم يعنفوهم بشدة، أو يسعون إلى إذلالهم بجعل أخطائهم علنية، أو يهددونهم أو يعاقبوهم بعنف…
نتيجة لهذه الظروف الضاغطة، تبدأ هرمونات التوتر بغزو أدمغة الأطفال، الأمر الذي يتسبب بأضرار بليغة لمختلف أقسام الدماغ.
لقد أظهرت الدراسات في علم الأعصاب أن الهرسلة (أي التعنيف) تعيق تعلم الأطفال على عدة مستويات، وذلك لأنها تؤخر تطور الخلايا العصبية وتعمل أيضا على تقليل كمية المادتين البيضاء والرمادية اللتان تشكلان الدماغ.
الهرسلة تقلل أيضا التشعبات العصبية (مما يقلل من ذكاء الطفل)، تتلف مادة المايلين العصبية، تقلل من تكوين الخلايا العصبية والانتقال المشبكي، وتثبط من المرونة العصبية، بل وتدمر الخلايا العصبية خاصة في *قشرة الفص الجبهي*.
*هرسلة الأطفال* تضعف الذاكرة أيضا وتقلل من التيلوميرات مما يسرع في الشيخوخة.
في عام 2012، أظهر مارتن تيتشر أن حجم الحصين (منطقة مهمة في الدماغ) يتناقص عند الأطفال الذين *تعرضوا للإيذاء الجسدي و/أو اللفظي*.
هرسلة الطفل لها آثار سلبية أيضا على الانتباه والتركيز والذاكرة بل ويتخطى الضرر أيضا التعلم المدرسي خاصة
عندما تتواجد هرمونات التوتر بكميات كبيرة ولفترة طويلة في الدم، فإن آثارها السلبية على الجسم *تفسر التغيرات النفسية والسلوكية الهامة للطفل* بما يتجاوز الأبعاد المعرفية البسيطة المتعلقة بالتعلم…
*اضطرابات المزاج*
يؤدي ارتفاع مستوى الكورتيزول إلى العديد من اضطرابات المزاج لدى الأطفال: فهو يشعره بعدم الأمان وبأنه يخلو من القوة والشجاعة. ويمكن أن تستمر اضطرابات المزاج هذه حتى مرحلة البلوغ…
*ضعف جهاز المناعة*
يمكن أن يؤدي إفراز الكورتيزول لفترات طويلة إلى تغيير التمثيل الغذائي في الجسم والمناعة، مما يؤدي إلى تطور الأمراض المزمنة وأمراض المناعة الذاتية كالسكري مثلا. على سبيل المثال، الأطفال الذين يتعرضون للهرسلة في المدرسة يصابون بأمراض التهابية أكثر في مرحلة البلوغ.
ولقد أكدت الكثير من الدراسات الحديثة أن *”للأب خصوصا”* دورا كبيرا في تحديد *شخصية وهوية أبنائه* وأن احتمالات الشذوذ الجنسي لدى الطفل تصبح قوية عندما يكون تعامل والده معه سيئا وعنيفا لذلك فالتربية الصحيحة والعلاقة المتينة بين الأب والابن من العوامل الأساسية التي تحمي الطفل من الأخطار التي تحدق به خصوصا موضوع المثلية الذي يروج له الغرب بشكل لا مثيل له في عصرنا الحالي ….
أعزائي إن أهم عامل في حماية أطفالنا من الأمراض ومن الانحرافات الخطيرة هو تربية صالحة وبناء علاقة قوية ومتينة بيننا وبين أطفالنا.
إذن، لنلتفت إليهم أكثر ولنهتم بهم أكثر ولنفرغ لهم بعضا من أوقاتنا فلأطفالنا حق علينا ومسؤوليتنا كبيرة عليهم…
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