محمد عبد الجبار الشبوط
اشرت في مقال سابق الى وجود فرق بين شرعية النظام السياسي، وشرعية السلطات الحاكمة التنفيذيةوالتشريعية.
النظام السياسي هو الدستور، ما فيه وما يتفرع منه. او قل ان النظام السياسي ينبثق من الدستور ويستمد شرعيته من الدستور. والدستور يستمد شرعيته من الاستفتاء العام. فاذا صوتت اغلبية الناخبينعلى الدستور اصبح الدستور شرعيا ومشروعا. في عام ٢٠٠٥ صوت اغلبية الناخبين العراقيين لصالحالدستور، بما فيها المادة (١٤٤) التي تقول:”يعد هذا الدستور نافذاً بعد موافقة الشعب عليه بالاستفتاءالعام ونشره في الجريدة الرسمية“. قضي الامر فيما يتعلق بهذه النقطة. ولا نقاش في شرعية النظامالسياسي/ الدستور الا عبر استفتاء عام. والدستور يقول: ان دولة العراق “نظام الحكم فيها جمهوري نيابي(برلماني) ديمقراطي“. نعم هناك ملاحظات على الدستور، وهناك ثغرات في الدستور، لكن هذه يمكنمعالجتها لاحقا دون المساس بشرعية الدستور والنظام السياسي المنبثق منه.
لكن هناك قسم من الناس، كانوا اقلية يوم الاستفتاء على الدستور، غير قابلين بالدستور. امام هؤلاء عدةخيارات: اما الخضوع للاغلبية بمقتضى النظام الديمقراطي، او الغاء الدستور عبر استفتاء جديد، او الثورةالشعبية التي تلغي، في حال انتصارها، الشرعية الدستورية وتستبدلها بالشرعية الثورية، او الانقلابالعسكري، او اللجوء الى قوة خارجية. وفي هذه الحالة يسقط النظام والحكومة معا.
شرعية الحكومة امر اخر. انها شرعية تستند الى الانتخابات الدورية، وذات ولاية محددة باربع سنوات. انهاعبارة عن التخويل المعطى من الناخبين او من البرلمان الى شخص بعينه او حزب بعينه او مجموعة افرادبعينهم (الوزراء) للحكم وادارة شؤون البلاد لفترة محددة.
يستطيع الشعب ان يسقط الحكومة بالانتخابات القادمة، او بسحب الثقة منها في البرلمان، او حتىبالضغط عليها عن طريق التظاهرات والاعتصامات الخ لاجبارها على الاستقالة، كما حصل لحكومة عادلعبد المهدي، التي سقطت بسبب تظاهرات تشرين. لكن سقوط الحكومة لم يؤدي الى اسقاط النظام نفسه. ولكل من هذه الخيارات كلفته وحسناته وسيئاته.
الوضع في العراق ملتبس. فلا اشكال في شرعية النظام السياسي المنبثق من الدستور. ولا اشكال في وجودممارسات ومظاهر توصف بانها ديمقراطية مثل الانتخابات الدورية وحرية ممارسة العمل السياسيوتشكيل الاحزاب وحرية الاعلام. ولهذا كانت الاوساط الاكاديمية العالمية تصف النظام السياسي في البدايةبانه ديمقراطي. لكن تصرفات الحاكمين منذ عام ٢٠٠٣ الى اليوم (المحاصصة والفساد وتدني مستوى الاداء) ادت الى الغاء الصفة الديمقراطية تدريجيا حتى صارت نفس الاوساط الاكاديمية العالمية تصف الحالة فيالعراق بانها اوتوقراطية انتخابية. ومعناها انحصار السلطة بعدد دائم وقليل من الاشخاص بغطاءانتخابي، وبعضهم غير منتخبين اصلا. وازاء هذه الحالة قد ينقسم الناس الى ثلاثة اقسام: الناس غيرالمبالين وغير المكترثين، الناس الذين يتقبلون هذا الوضع بسلبياته وايجابياته، الناس الذين يريدون تغييرالوضع الراهن واقامة حكومة ديمقراطية حقيقية وكفوءة وقادرة فعلا على تحسين نوعية الحياة ومحاربةالفساد وتعزيز الديمقراطية. حتى الان لا يعتبر اي قسم من هؤلاء لاعبا اساسيا في المسرح السياسي، لاناللاعب الوحيد هو الاوتوقراطيون المتلحفون بالانتخابات الماسكون بزمام السلطة والمال (والسلاح احيانا).
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