عاد عبد المهدي
نقاشات كثيرة حول ارتفاع سعر الدولار. وبعجالة نذكر سببين رئيسيين.
1- إنّها ظاهرة عالمية. وهو السبب الأساس. فشهد الدولار تصاعداً ملموساً خلال (2022) أمام باقيالعملات. وتراوحت النسب لأقل من (10% ) لكندا واستراليا والصين وماليزيا مثلاً، و (10%-20% ) لمنطقةاليورو، وكوريا الجنوبية والمملكة المتحدة واليابان، الخ، وحوالي (30%) لتركيا، و(40%) لمصر، فشملالجميع من دون استثناء.
والسبب الأساس يرتبط بالتطورات العالمية الأخيرة، وتقدم الكثير من الاقتصاديات، أمام تراجع مرحليوبنياني في الاقتصاد الامريكي. فلجأ “الفيدرالي” لرفع سعر الفائدة (7) مرات في أعلى دورة شهدها الدولارفي تاريخه، من (0.75%-1%) في (اذار2022) إلى (4.25%-4.50%) في نهاية العام. بهدف إيقاف ارتفاعالأسعار وخفض التضخم إلى (2%).
سيرتد الاجراء على الدول جميعها. فالدولار برغم تراجعه في احتياطيات الدول من (75%) سنة (2000) إلى (58.8%) نهاية 2022، ما زال يشكل العملة العالمية الأولى بامتياز. إذ يتم التداول يومياً (اكرر يومياً) بما يقارب (6) ترليون دولار في شتى المعاملات. فـ“الفيدرالي” ليس البنك المركزي الامريكي فقط، بل هوايضاً قيادة المصارف والاقتصاد الامريكيين، وقيادتهما بالتالي –منذ أربعينيات القرن العشرين– لشبكةالمصارف والاقتصاديات العالمية. وإن ارتفاع سعر الفائدة سيؤدّي لسحب المزيد من الدولارات، وارتفاع كلفالقروض، ليس امريكياً فقط، بل عالمياً ايضاً. فتولد زخماً هائلاً نحو الدولار وايداعه في مواقع مطمئنةلمالكيه. فتتحرك العوامل المحلية والخارجية، الفرعية والاساسية، السياسية والاقتصادية والمضاربةوالنفسية، القصيرة والبعيدة الأجل، لطلب الدولار. وهو ما تشهده –بنسب متفاوتة– جميع البلدان، ومنهاالعراق.
هذه السياسة تعكس ايضاً أزمة النظام العالمي، الذي ندفع جميعاً أثمانها. فهي سياسة تسعى من جهةلتخفيف ضغط ارتفاع الأسعار على العائلة الامريكية لأغراض اقتصادية وانتخابية، لكنها بالمقابل مضطرةلتوفير سيولات يحتاجها الاقتصاد الامريكي، فيضطر لطبع المزيد من الدولارات بدون حقيقة اقتصاديةموازية أو داعمة. ما يقود للمديونية التي تبلغ اليوم (31.5) ترليون دولار، وتمثل (135.2%) من الناتجالوطني، وتقول: هل من مزيد. فارتفاع سعر الدولار سيشجع الاستيراد ويضعف الصادرات الامريكية، ويزيدمن أزمة تنافسية الاقتصاد الامريكي. وتبين الاحصاءات تراجع الصادرات الامريكية في الاقتصاد العالمي منذ(2000) من (12%) إلى (8%). فمعالجة العاجل على حساب الآجل، أمر يحذّر منه الكثير من الاقتصاديينوالسياسيين الامريكيين أنفسهم.
2- إنّها ظاهرة محلية، فالعراق يعتمد في موارده على النفط اساساً، المرتبط بالدولار.كما أنه بسبب نمطيةاقتصاده، يعتمد اساساً الاستيراد السلعي والخدمي (79.4 مليار دولار في 2021، بحسب منظمة التجارةالدولية لتمثل 24.2% من الناتج الاجمالي)، من دون ذكر المعاملات والتحويلات غير الموثقة. فمثلاً جاءالعراقيون في المرتبة الثالثة في شراء العقارات التركية، بواقع (6241) عقاراً في (2022). وبحسبة بسيطةنتكلم عن حوالي المليار دولار، ستحوّل أغلب مبالغها بطرق ملتوية. وقس على ذلك.
يقول البعض : إنّ السبب الرئيس لما يجري هو لإيقاف غسيل العملة وتهريبها والعقوبات على إيران. ونرىفي ذلك عاملاً ثانوياً أمام العاملين العالمي كأساس، والمحلي باعتبارنا اقتصادا ريعيا يعتمد على البترودولاروالاستيراد. فتلك العوامل (التهريب والعقوبات) كانت موجودة قبل تخفيض سعر الدينار. ولتنشيط الذاكرةنشير إلى انه في (4/10/2003)، وهو أول يوم لتدخل المركزي العراقي –وإقرار مبدأ التعويم النسبيللدينار، بعد انتهاء نظام سعر الصرف الرسمي الثابت– قام البنك ببيع الدولار بــ(1920) دينار/دولار، مقابلسعر سوقي مقداره (2180) دينار/دولار. واستمرت سياسة المركزي بادارة الراحل الشبيبي ونائبه الأستاذمظهر، ليستقر سعره الرسمي حول (1180) دينار/دولار، واستمر كذلك مع خلفهما حتى نهاية 2020. وخلالهذه المدة انخفض التضخم إلى رقم احادي واحد، بعد أن كان لمدة رقمين (60% احياناً)، واستقرت أسعارالأسواق إلى حد كبير، مع بقاء الكثير من الثغرات والسلبيات، والمسؤول عنها ليس السياسة النقدية فقط، بلمجمل السياستين المالية والاقتصادية.
إنّ الأزمة الحالية في دوافعها الداخلية ترتبط بقرار التخفيض غير الموفق في نهاية (2020) بمبرر توفيرأموال لتغطية بعض عجز موازنة (2021) المقترحة عندما كان سعر النفط (50) دولاراً تقريباً. فاتُّخِذ القراروأصبح نافذاً، بتأثيرات خارجية، ووجود ملكيين لدينا أكثر من الملك نفسه، فيبالغون في خوفهم واجراءاتهم.
فتخفيض العملة خيار نوقش في حكومة الدكتور العبادي وحكومتنا، ورُفض لعدم واقعيته ومضاعفاته،برغم أن سعر النفط انهار لأقل من (30) دولارا/برميل يومها، وبلغ (17) دولارا/برميل احياناً، وهبطتاحتياطيات البنك المركزي لحوالي (40) مليار دولار، وكانت العقوبات على إيران على أشدها، إضافة لبقيةالضغوطات السلبية.
فالأزمة الحالية –إضافة للعامل الخارجي الأساس– هي أزمة سياسية ومرض اقتصادي داخلي. تتطلبمعالجة جذرية للسياستين المالية والاقتصادية، وهما المرتكزان الاساسيان للسياسة النقدية.
عادل عبد المهدي
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