{"id":27754,"date":"2026-04-01T22:05:34","date_gmt":"2026-04-01T22:05:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/almustaqel.net\/?p=27754"},"modified":"2026-04-01T22:05:34","modified_gmt":"2026-04-01T22:05:34","slug":"%d8%aa%d8%b5%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a8-%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/almustaqel.net\/?p=27754","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n

\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/span> \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/span> \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c<\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0627<\/span> \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0647<\/span> \u00ab<\/span>\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639<\/span>\u00bb (1859) <\/span>\u0648<\/span>\u00ab<\/span>\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/span>\u00bb (1871)<\/span>\u060c<\/span> \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a<\/span> \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627<\/span> \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/span> \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645<\/span> \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u060c<\/span> \u0641\u0625\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/span> \u2013 <\/span>\u0648\u0647\u0648<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/span> \u0644\u0643\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0633\u0644\u0641<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/span> \u0623\u0648<\/span> \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u0645\u062f\u0649<\/span> \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u2013 <\/span>\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636<\/span> \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064b\u0627<\/span> \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627<\/span> \u0645\u0639<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span> \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f<\/span> \u062e\u0644\u0642<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646<\/span> \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646<\/span> \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/span> \u0639\u0645\u0644<\/span> \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631<\/span> \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0646\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d<\/span> \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627<\/span> \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span>\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629<\/span> (<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span>)<\/span>\u060c<\/span> \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647<\/span> \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<\/span> \u0644\u0645<\/span>\u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a<\/span> \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636<\/span> \u0645\u0639<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a<\/span>: <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u060c<\/span> \u0646\u0631\u0649<\/span> \u0623\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/span>(<\/span>\u0645\u062b\u0644<\/span> Homo sapiens<\/span>\u060c<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0644\u060c<\/span> Homo erectus<\/span>\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/span>) <\/span>\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a<\/span> \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c<\/span> \u0628\u0644<\/span> \u0647\u064a<\/span> \u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span> \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u062e\u064f\u0644\u0642\u062a<\/span> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0646\u0641\u0633<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span> (<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628<\/span> \u0623\u0648<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/span>\u0623\u0648<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644<\/span>)<\/span>\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0623\u0646<\/span> \u0622\u062f\u0645<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/span> \u0647\u0648<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u060c<\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0627<\/span> \u062c\u0627\u0621<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span>\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647<\/span> \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649<\/span>:<\/span>\ufd3f<\/span> \u0644\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0652<\/span> \u062e\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e<\/span> \u0641\u0650\u064a<\/span> \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0633\u064e\u0646\u0650<\/span> \u062a\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0648\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064d<\/span> \ufd3e<\/span>[<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/span>: 4].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/span>: <\/span>\u0641\u0635\u0644<\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/span>: <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/span> \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631<\/span>\u0623\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643<\/span> \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/span> \u0645\u0639<\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0639\u0628\u0631<\/span> \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/span>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/span> \u0644\u0648\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/span> \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/span> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645<\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631<\/span> \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0641\u0633\u0631<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span>. <\/span>\u0648\u0647\u064a<\/span> \u0644\u0627<\/span> \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636<\/span> \u0645\u0639<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u060c<\/span> \u0628\u0644<\/span> \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642<\/span> \u0645\u0639<\/span> \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0623\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647<\/span> \u0648\u0636\u0639<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0643\u0644<\/span> \u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/span>\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d<\/span> \u0644\u0647<\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u062f\u0648\u0646<\/span> \u0623\u0646<\/span> \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f<\/span> \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/span> \u2013 <\/span>\u0648\u0647\u0648<\/span> \u0623\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0633\u0644\u0641<\/span> \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/span>\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/span> \u0639\u0628\u0631<\/span> \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/span> \u2013 <\/span>\u0641\u0647\u0648<\/span> \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644<\/span> \u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0643<\/span> \u0639\u0646<\/span> \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0647<\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span> \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f<\/span> \u062e\u0644\u0642<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\ufd3f\u0644\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0652<\/span> \u062e\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e<\/span> \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u0633\u064f\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0629\u064d<\/span> \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u0637\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064d\ufd3e<\/span> [<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/span>: 12]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\ufd3f\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627<\/span> \u062e\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652<\/span> \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u0637\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064d<\/span> \u0644\u064e\u0627\u0632\u0650\u0628\u064d\ufd3e<\/span> [<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/span>: 11]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\ufd3f\u062e\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0642\u064e<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e<\/span> \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u0635\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0635\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064d<\/span> \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0641\u064e\u062e\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650\ufd3e<\/span> [<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646<\/span>: 14]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631<\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u062e\u0644\u0642<\/span> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/span> \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633<\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631<\/span> \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span>\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/span>: <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0645<\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637<\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span> \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/span> (Homo habilis<\/span>\u060c<\/span> Homo erectus<\/span>\u060c<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0644\u060c<\/span> Denisovans<\/span>\u060c<\/span> Homo sapiens\u2026) <\/span>\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a<\/span> \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c<\/span> \u0628\u0644<\/span> \u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span> \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/span>\u062e\u064f\u0644\u0642\u062a<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631<\/span> \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\u0643\u0644<\/span> \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629<\/span> \u062e\u064f\u0644\u0642\u062a<\/span> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0646\u0641\u0633<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span> (<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628<\/span> \u0623\u0648<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/span>)<\/span>\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a<\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062a<\/span> \u062e\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c<\/span>\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/span> \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645<\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span> \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0636\u062a<\/span> \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644<\/span> \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/span> \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0623\u0648<\/span> \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span> \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a<\/span> \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/span>\u0622\u062f\u0645<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\u0622\u062f\u0645<\/span> \u0647\u0648<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u060c<\/span> \u062e\u064f\u0644\u0642<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646<\/span> \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u060c<\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642\u0629<\/span> \u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/span> \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/span>\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647<\/span> \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span> \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/span> (<\/span>\u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a\u060c<\/span> \u062d\u062c\u0645<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u060c<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span>) <\/span>\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629<\/span> \u0639\u0646<\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/span> \u0646\u0641\u0633<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<\/span> \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631<\/span> (<\/span>\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c<\/span> \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u060c<\/span> \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span>) <\/span>\u0647\u0648<\/span> \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/span> \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/span> \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> (<\/span>\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0622\u062f\u0645<\/span>)<\/span>\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633<\/span> \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u0622\u062e\u0631<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627<\/span>: <\/span>\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/span> \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/span> \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

1. <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span>: <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/span> \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/span> \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0640<\/span> DNA<\/span>\u0645\u0639<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c<\/span>\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/span> \u0630\u0644\u0643<\/span> \u0628\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/span> \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/span> \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c<\/span> \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647<\/span> \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u0623\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642<\/span> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645<\/span> \u0646\u0641\u0633<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u062e\u0644\u0642<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c<\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0627<\/span> \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645<\/span> \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/span> \u0646\u0641\u0633<\/span> \u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c<\/span> \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0647\u064a<\/span> \u0645\u0627<\/span> \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632<\/span> \u0643\u0644<\/span> \u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647<\/span> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/span> \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f<\/span> \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644<\/span> \u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/span> \u0644\u0627<\/span> \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a<\/span> \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c<\/span> \u0628\u0644<\/span> \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span>\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span> \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u062e\u064f\u0644\u0642\u062a<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631<\/span> \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/span> \u062b\u0645<\/span> \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0636\u062a\u060c<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647<\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/span> \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c<\/span> \u0639\u0646<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u060c<\/span> \u0644\u0627<\/span> \u0639\u0646<\/span> \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a<\/span> \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0644\u0648\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c<\/span> \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0627\u062a\u060c<\/span> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/span> \u0628\u0639\u0636<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636<\/span>\u2026 <\/span>\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> (<\/span>\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0622\u062f\u0645<\/span>)<\/span>\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629<\/span> \u062f\u0648\u0646<\/span> \u0623\u0646<\/span> \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f<\/span> \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0628\u060c<\/span> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646<\/span> \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u2013 <\/span>\u0628\u0639\u062f<\/span> \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639<\/span>\u2013 <\/span>\u0623\u0646<\/span> \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649<\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/span> \u0643\u0644<\/span> \u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span>\u062e\u064f\u0644\u0642\u062a<\/span> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0646\u0641\u0633<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0645<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/span> \u0647\u0648<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span>\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646<\/span> \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647<\/span> \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span> \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c<\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631<\/span> \u064a\u062d\u0641\u0638<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/span> \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0641\u0638<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0649<\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631<\/span> \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644<\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0647<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0647\u0645<\/span>\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643<\/span> \u0628\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u062d\u062a\u0649<\/span> \u0645\u0645\u0646<\/span> \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/span> \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0628\u0639\u0636<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632\u062a<\/span>\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628<\/span> \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627<\/span> \u0644\u0627<\/span> \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0627<\/span> \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0633\u0641\u0643<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/span> \u0628\u0644\u0627<\/span> \u0631\u0641\u0629<\/span> \u062c\u0641\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u270d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0628<\/span> \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0645<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/span> \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c<\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0627<\/span> \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0647<\/span> \u00ab<\/span>\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639<\/span>\u00bb (1859) <\/span>\u0648<\/span>\u00ab<\/span>\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/span>\u00bb (1871)<\/span>\u060c<\/span> \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a<\/span> \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627<\/span> \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/span> \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645<\/span> \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u060c<\/span> \u0641\u0625\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/span> \u2013 <\/span>\u0648\u0647\u0648<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/span> \u0644\u0643\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0633\u0644\u0641<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/span> \u0623\u0648<\/span> \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u0645\u062f\u0649<\/span> \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u2013 <\/span>\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636<\/span> \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064b\u0627<\/span> \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627<\/span> \u0645\u0639<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span> \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f<\/span> \u062e\u0644\u0642<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646<\/span> \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646<\/span> \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/span> \u0639\u0645\u0644<\/span> \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631<\/span> \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0646\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d<\/span> \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627<\/span> \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span>\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629<\/span> (<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span>)<\/span>\u060c<\/span> \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647<\/span> \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<\/span> \u0644\u0645<\/span>\u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a<\/span> \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636<\/span> \u0645\u0639<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a<\/span>: <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u060c<\/span> \u0646\u0631\u0649<\/span> \u0623\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/span>(<\/span>\u0645\u062b\u0644<\/span> Homo sapiens<\/span>\u060c<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0644\u060c<\/span> Homo erectus<\/span>\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/span>) <\/span>\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a<\/span> \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c<\/span> \u0628\u0644<\/span> \u0647\u064a<\/span> \u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span> \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u062e\u064f\u0644\u0642\u062a<\/span> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0646\u0641\u0633<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span> (<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628<\/span> \u0623\u0648<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/span>\u0623\u0648<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644<\/span>)<\/span>\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0623\u0646<\/span> \u0622\u062f\u0645<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/span> \u0647\u0648<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u060c<\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0627<\/span> \u062c\u0627\u0621<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span>\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647<\/span> \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649<\/span>:<\/span>\ufd3f<\/span> \u0644\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0652<\/span> \u062e\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e<\/span> \u0641\u0650\u064a<\/span> \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0633\u064e\u0646\u0650<\/span> \u062a\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0648\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064d<\/span> \ufd3e<\/span>[<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/span>: 4].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/span>: <\/span>\u0641\u0635\u0644<\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/span>: <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/span> \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631<\/span>\u0623\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643<\/span> \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/span> \u0645\u0639<\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0639\u0628\u0631<\/span> \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/span>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/span> \u0644\u0648\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/span> \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/span> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645<\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631<\/span> \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0641\u0633\u0631<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span>. <\/span>\u0648\u0647\u064a<\/span> \u0644\u0627<\/span> \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636<\/span> \u0645\u0639<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u060c<\/span> \u0628\u0644<\/span> \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642<\/span> \u0645\u0639<\/span> \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0623\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647<\/span> \u0648\u0636\u0639<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0643\u0644<\/span> \u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/span>\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d<\/span> \u0644\u0647<\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u062f\u0648\u0646<\/span> \u0623\u0646<\/span> \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f<\/span> \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/span> \u2013 <\/span>\u0648\u0647\u0648<\/span> \u0623\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0633\u0644\u0641<\/span> \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/span>\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/span> \u0639\u0628\u0631<\/span> \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/span> \u2013 <\/span>\u0641\u0647\u0648<\/span> \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644<\/span> \u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0643<\/span> \u0639\u0646<\/span> \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0647<\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span> \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f<\/span> \u062e\u0644\u0642<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\ufd3f\u0644\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0652<\/span> \u062e\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e<\/span> \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u0633\u064f\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0629\u064d<\/span> \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u0637\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064d\ufd3e<\/span> [<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/span>: 12]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\ufd3f\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627<\/span> \u062e\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652<\/span> \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u0637\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064d<\/span> \u0644\u064e\u0627\u0632\u0650\u0628\u064d\ufd3e<\/span> [<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/span>: 11]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\ufd3f\u062e\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0642\u064e<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e<\/span> \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u0635\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0635\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064d<\/span> \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0641\u064e\u062e\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650\ufd3e<\/span> [<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646<\/span>: 14]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631<\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u062e\u0644\u0642<\/span> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/span> \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633<\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631<\/span> \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span>\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/span>: <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0645<\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637<\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span> \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/span> (Homo habilis<\/span>\u060c<\/span> Homo erectus<\/span>\u060c<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0644\u060c<\/span> Denisovans<\/span>\u060c<\/span> Homo sapiens\u2026) <\/span>\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a<\/span> \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c<\/span> \u0628\u0644<\/span> \u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span> \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/span>\u062e\u064f\u0644\u0642\u062a<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631<\/span> \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\u0643\u0644<\/span> \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629<\/span> \u062e\u064f\u0644\u0642\u062a<\/span> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0646\u0641\u0633<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span> (<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628<\/span> \u0623\u0648<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/span>)<\/span>\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a<\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062a<\/span> \u062e\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c<\/span>\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/span> \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645<\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span> \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0636\u062a<\/span> \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644<\/span> \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/span> \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0623\u0648<\/span> \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span> \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a<\/span> \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/span>\u0622\u062f\u0645<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\u0622\u062f\u0645<\/span> \u0647\u0648<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u060c<\/span> \u062e\u064f\u0644\u0642<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646<\/span> \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u060c<\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642\u0629<\/span> \u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/span> \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/span>\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647<\/span> \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span> \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/span> (<\/span>\u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a\u060c<\/span> \u062d\u062c\u0645<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u060c<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span>) <\/span>\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629<\/span> \u0639\u0646<\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/span> \u0646\u0641\u0633<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<\/span> \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631<\/span> (<\/span>\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c<\/span> \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u060c<\/span> \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span>) <\/span>\u0647\u0648<\/span> \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/span> \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/span> \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> (<\/span>\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0622\u062f\u0645<\/span>)<\/span>\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633<\/span> \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u0622\u062e\u0631<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627<\/span>: <\/span>\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/span> \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/span> \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

1. <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span>: <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/span> \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/span> \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0640<\/span> DNA<\/span>\u0645\u0639<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c<\/span>\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/span> \u0630\u0644\u0643<\/span> \u0628\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/span> \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/span> \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c<\/span> \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647<\/span> \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u0623\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642<\/span> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645<\/span> \u0646\u0641\u0633<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u062e\u0644\u0642<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c<\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0627<\/span> \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645<\/span> \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/span> \u0646\u0641\u0633<\/span> \u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c<\/span> \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0647\u064a<\/span> \u0645\u0627<\/span> \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632<\/span> \u0643\u0644<\/span> \u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647<\/span> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/span> \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f<\/span> \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644<\/span> \u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/span> \u0644\u0627<\/span> \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a<\/span> \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c<\/span> \u0628\u0644<\/span> \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span>\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span> \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u062e\u064f\u0644\u0642\u062a<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631<\/span> \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/span> \u062b\u0645<\/span> \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0636\u062a\u060c<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647<\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/span> \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c<\/span> \u0639\u0646<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u060c<\/span> \u0644\u0627<\/span> \u0639\u0646<\/span> \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a<\/span> \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0644\u0648\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c<\/span> \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0627\u062a\u060c<\/span> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/span> \u0628\u0639\u0636<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636<\/span>\u2026 <\/span>\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> (<\/span>\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0622\u062f\u0645<\/span>)<\/span>\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629<\/span> \u062f\u0648\u0646<\/span> \u0623\u0646<\/span> \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f<\/span> \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0628\u060c<\/span> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646<\/span> \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u2013 <\/span>\u0628\u0639\u062f<\/span> \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639<\/span>\u2013 <\/span>\u0623\u0646<\/span> \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649<\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/span> \u0643\u0644<\/span> \u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span>\u062e\u064f\u0644\u0642\u062a<\/span> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0646\u0641\u0633<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0645<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/span> \u0647\u0648<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span>\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646<\/span> \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647<\/span> \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span> \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c<\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631<\/span> \u064a\u062d\u0641\u0638<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/span> \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0641\u0638<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0649<\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631<\/span> \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644<\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0647<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0647\u0645<\/span>\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643<\/span> \u0628\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u062d\u062a\u0649<\/span> \u0645\u0645\u0646<\/span> \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/span> \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span> \u0628\u0639\u0636<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632\u062a<\/span>\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628<\/span> \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627<\/span> \u0644\u0627<\/span> \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0627<\/span> \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span> \u0633\u0641\u0643<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/span> \u0628\u0644\u0627<\/span> \u0631\u0641\u0629<\/span> \u062c\u0641\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u270d<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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